drug and alcohol abuse

Drug overdose deaths continue to climb

October 11, 2024 by Madeline Lucre Leave a Comment

There were 2,356 drug-induced deaths in Australia in 2022, according to the Penington Institute’s annual drug overdose report.

Of these overdose deaths, 80 per cent were unintentional and 73 per cent involved two or more drugs.

Penington Institute CEO John Ryan told ABC News that most overdose fatalities were polysubstance deaths.

“Drugs have a multiplier effect in combination,” he said.

“So, if you have opioids, plus some alcohol, that actually increases your risk of overdose – and especially if you add in benzodiazepines.”

While deaths from some prescription opioids have decreased, overall opioid deaths, particularly from heroin, have continued to rise, the Penington report found.

“What we are seeing with opioids has been consistent now for the last 20 years, which is that they are the main driver of overdose deaths, typically in combination with other drugs,” Ryan said.

Ryan said synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and now nitazenes, were increasingly showing up in overdose data.

The report found:

the number of unintentional drug-induced deaths has grown by 108 per cent since 2002 even though the population has only increased by 33 per cent
the road toll has dropped 27 per cent since 2002, but unintentional drug-induced deaths have more than doubled
Indigenous Australians are almost four times more likely to die of unintentional overdose compared with non-Indigenous Australians
unintentional deaths involving heroin increased by more than 400 per cent between 2002 and 2022.

COVID changed the way we use drugs and alcohol — now it’s time to properly invest in treatment

October 20, 2020 by Rayan Calimlim Leave a Comment

During crises and disasters, alcohol and other drug use often changes. But the changes are not straightforward and impacts may be different for different groups of people.

There doesn’t seem to have been significant overall increases or decreases in alcohol or other drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic, but some groups are at increased risk. And access to treatment is more limited for those who need it.

It’s a complex picture

There’s a bit of data around, but the picture is still not quite clear.
As researchers from the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research at La Trobe University have argued in an editorial published today, we need more research to understand the influence of the pandemic on use.

There were some early indicators of increases in Australians’ alcohol consumption as the pandemic hit, possibly related to increased stress. But that effect seemed to reduce as we settled into the new normal.

At the beginning of COVID-19 restrictions in March, Commonwealth Bank reported spending had increased on alcohol, but this was then reversed in April.

And in April, a study by the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education found that most people who had stockpiled alcohol reported drinking more. Also around the same time, Australian Bureau of Statistics data showed more people had increased their drinking (14.4%) than had decreased it (9.5%).

By May, the Australian National University found more people had decreased their drinking (27%) than had increased it (20%). The Global Drug Survey between May and June found similar results among the mostly young people who responded.

However, alcohol use seemed to increase among some groups, possibly those who are more vulnerable to harms.

In both the ABS and ANU studies, more women had increased their drinking than decreased it, which seemed to be related to higher stress linked to increased responsibilities at home.

In a survey of people who use illicit drugs, more people increased (41%) than decreased (33%) drinking. And among people who inject drugs around 11% reported increased drinking.

There have also been indicators that family violence has increased during this time. Alcohol and other drug use is a risk factor for family violence.

We need more data about heavy drug use

Since the onset of the pandemic, two studies found cannabis use had increased but other drug use had decreased or was stable. The respondents were mostly young, used for recreational purposes and were not dependent nor did they have serious problems.

Reductions in use of drugs like MDMA and cocaine, which are associated with festivals and parties, are not surprising since these large events have been restricted for months.

Most of the research hasn’t involved people who are heavy or dependent users, so we don’t know much about changes in use in these groups.

One study of people who inject drugs (who tend to use more regularly) reported some changes to availability and purity of some drugs, and small changes in use, but again some people increased and some decreased their use.

With physical distancing and lockdowns, it’s likely more people used alone or with fewer people. This means if anything goes wrong, help is further away.

Telehealth for drug treatment?

A survey of treatment services found that among services that reported changes in demand, most had an increase. Most services also reported that mental health problems, family violence and financial stress had all increased among people who use their services. These factors can make treatment more complex.

There is some evidence fewer people accessed medication treatment for opioids during the restrictions, like methadone.

COVID-19 restrictions have changed the way many services offer treatment. Most residential rehabilitation services have reduced the number of places available so they can ensure physical distancing.

Before COVID-19 there were already long waiting lists for residential rehabilitation, so with more than 70% of services reporting reduced capacity, people may have found it harder to access residential treatment.

Non-residential services (like counselling or day programs) haven’t significantly reduced the number of people they see, and most have partially or fully moved to telehealth.

As a result, around 35% of services said fewer people missed appointments. This might be due to the easier access telehealth provides, including the reduced travel time.

However, around 25% of services said more people missed appointments. Anecdotal interviews suggest some of this might be due to difficulty transitioning to online appointments. One person said: “I know they are on Zoom but I don’t know how to use it”.

These adaptations are more complex than they appear. The time and effort required for services to make significant changes takes time away from providing treatment.

The move to telehealth is a significant one, requiring additional hardware and software, training of staff, and help for people who use the service to work out how to use the technology. Things like ensuring confidentiality can be more difficult when someone is receiving counselling at home with family around, for example.

Piecemeal funding for treatment services

The alcohol and other drug sector was already significantly under-resourced and struggling to meet existing demand before COVID-19.

In April, federal health minister Greg Hunt announced A$6 million in funding for alcohol and other drug services. Just over half of this was allocated to three organisations to increase online access to support services. The rest went to information and awareness campaigns. But no funds were set aside for existing treatment services to make COVID-19 related changes to their services.

Various state governments have allocated some funding to support alcohol and other drug services to adjust to COVID-19:

Tasmania released a total of A$450,000 to help services transition to telehealth
Western Australia allocated a total of A$350,000 for specialist alcohol and other drug services to maintain services amid the pandemic
Victoria and South Australia announced additional support to help people access medication treatment.

Further funding is needed to ensure services can continue to provide COVID-safe services.

It’s important for people who use alcohol and other drugs, and for the public, that alcohol and other drug treatment is well-supported to continue to operate during these changes. We know treatment is cost-effective, reduces crime and increases participation in the community. For every dollar invested in drug treatment, $7 is saved to the community.

Getting help

If you’re worried about your own or someone else’s alcohol or other drug use, you can get help by phoning the National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline on 1800 250 015.

You can also access support online through CounsellingOnline, Hello Sunday Morning and SMART Recovery.

You may also be eligible to access one of the new telehealth services. Talk to your GP to find out more.

Nicole Lee, Professor at the National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne), Curtin University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Train nurses to handle ice psychosis: NSWNMA

July 1, 2019 by Rayan Calimlim

Training nurses to manage ice users should be a priority in dealing with the jump in methamphetamine-related patients.

Nurses should be trained to identify and manage methamphetamine psychosis, the most challenging aspect of the frontline management of ice use, the NSWNMA has recommended.

The union makes the recommendation – one of several on violence and workforce issues – in a submission to the NSW Special Commission of Inquiry into ice.

The NSWNMA submission says ice users are a greater risk of becoming violent when they are experiencing psychosis, or drinking heavily.

It says almost one-quarter of regular methamphetamine users will suffer from a symptom of psychosis in a given year.

The union recommends that NSW Health develop guidelines to help frontline health workers manage ice users.

It says there are no national guidelines despite the National Ice Taskforce recommending them in 2015.

Training in the prevention and management of violence “must be provided as a matter of priority, to all staff, including regional areas in NSW where staff are least likely to have access to training, security or sufficient staff to allow for a duress response in an emergency,” it says.

The national taskforce reported a five-fold increase in the number of hospitalisations related to methamphetamine use between 2009 and 2014.

Specialist drug treatments provided for methamphetamines almost tripled.

The union says it is therefore essential that nurses and other frontline workers in AOD services be trained to effectively manage and care for people who use ice.

High levels of stigma and discrimination

The same training is needed for emergency departments, community health settings, acute care wards and mental health services, it says.

“It is crucial that all staff working with people who use ice (or other substances) understand the complexities of drug dependency.

“It is widely documented that people who use drugs (including ice) experience high rates of stigma and discrimination when accessing health services.

“This impacts on their willingness to access health care services, and ultimately is detrimental for both the individual and the broader community.”

The NSWNMA urges that all AOD treatment services be staffed by “appropriately qualified and regulated professionals.”

It recommends funding be allocated to expand Clinical Nurse Educator (CNE) and Nurse Practitioner (NP) positions in the AOD sector.

“Nurses working in AOD services need to have access to education and mentoring.

“Increasing the number of AOD CNEs would provide an opportunity for increased education of staff in AOD services.

“Furthermore, creation of additional CNE positions – as well as NP positions – would assist with retention of senior nurses working in the AOD sector.”

The submission points out that regional areas worst affected by methamphetamine use are the areas least likely to have access to training, sufficient staff, or security to manage potentially violent incidents.

“It is crucial that rural and remote health services are adequately funded so they can effectively manage patients using ice,” it warns.

“There needs to be a real transparent commitment from management at all levels to ensure the psychological health of AOD nurses is protected.

“Clear leadership with robust governance processes is required at all levels of management. This includes nursing leadership, with consistent state-wide processes and models of care that will help drive the required culture change at all levels.”

The submission says AOD services urgently need nurse-to-patient ratios and appropriate skill mix.

Read or download the NSWNMA Submission at: https://www.nswnma.asn.au/submission-to-the-special-commission-of-inquiry-into-the-drug-ice/